Why did humans take over the world
Why did humans take over the world while our closest relatives, the Neanderthals, became extinct? It's possible we were just smarter, but there's surprisingly little evidence that's true.
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Neanderthals had big brains, language and sophisticated alat. They made art and jewellery. They were smart, suggesting a curious possibility. Maybe the crucial differences weren't at the perorangan tingkat, but in our societies.
Two hundred and fifty thousand years ago, Europe and western Asia were Neanderthal lands. Homo sapiens inhabited southern Africa. Estimates vary but perhaps 100,000 years ago, kekinian humans migrated out of Africa.
Forty thousand years ago Neanderthals disappeared from Asia and Europe, replaced by humans. Their slow, inevitable replacement suggests humans had some advantage, but not what it was.
Anthropologists once saw Neanderthals as dull-witted brutes. But recent archaeological finds show they lawanled us in intelligence.
Neanderthals mastered fire before we did. They were deadly hunters, taking big permainan like mammoths and woolly rhinos, and small animals like rabbits and birds.
They gathered plants, seeds and shellfish. Hunting and foraging all those species permintaaned deep understanding of nature.
Neanderthals also had a sense of beauty, making beads and cave paintings. They were kerohanian people, burying their dead with flowers.
Stone circles found inside caves may be Neanderthal shrines. Like kekinian hunter-gatherers, Neanderthal lives were probably steeped in superstition and magic; their skies full of gods, the caves inhabited by ancestor-spirits.
Then there's the fact Homo sapiens and Neanderthals had children together. We weren't that different. But we met Neanderthals many times, over many millennia, always with the same result. They disappeared. We remained.
The hunter-gatherer society
It may be that the key differences were less at the perorangan tingkat than at the societal tingkat. It's impossible to understand humans in isolation, any more than you can understand a honeybee without considering its colony. We prize our individuality, but our survival is tied to larger social kelompoks, like a bee's fate depends on the colony's survival.
